Orthopedic diseases are complex traits, meaning genetics and environmental factors affect risk, making identification of genetic associations difficult.
In the United States, hip and elbow scores, patellar luxation scores, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, and shoulder osteochondrosis affectedness are available in the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals registry. Distraction indices and extended, ventrodorsal hip conformation scores are recorded by PennHIP.